Research & Links
The research behind our guidance, and trusted links.
Research Evidence
Updating the NZ Autism Guideline: Supplementary Paper
Why the built environment matters: Autistic differences in processing sensory information
Autistic people (tāngata whaitakiwātanga) often experience challenges in processing sensory information. These include hypersensitivity (exaggerated response to stimuli) and hyposensitivity (reduced response to stimuli).
These are reflected in 8 sensory systems: auditory (sound); visual (sight); olfactory (smell); gustatory (taste); tactile (touch); vestibular (balance and orientation in space); proprioception (movement from muscles and joints); and interoception (sensation from one’s physical and physiological state).
Such sensitivities can negatively affect well-being, sleep, concentration, sociability, and anxiety, potentially leading to sensory shutdowns or meltdowns.
Accessibility for all
In recent years, architects, designers, and researchers have increasingly sought to create built environments that are more accessible for autistic individuals, improving inclusion in their community and their quality of life. Universal Design Principles guide ensuring accessibility for all. As a bi-cultural nation with a unique history and heritage, it is also important to reflect Te Ao Māori in our built environment, and to ensure that designs respect and reinforce cultural values (e.g., Te Ao Tangata).
Design features
Design considerations include structural elements (e.g., spatial layouts and materials), sensory factors (e.g., lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and odours), and interior features (e.g., signage, décor, and furniture). Design features intended for autistic individuals can also meet the needs of undiagnosed autistic people, other neurodivergent people, and indeed everyone.
Source: The above text has been adapted from the Preamble of the Living Guideline Group’s Recommendations, as reported in the Supplementary Paper (2025)
Design features intended for autistic individuals can also meet the needs of undiagnosed autistic people, other neurodivergent people, and indeed everyone.
Supplementary Paper (2025) to the Autism Guideline
Supplementary Paper on the Built Environment
In 2025, a Supplementary Paper was published to update the Aotearoa New Zealand Autism Guideline: He Waka Huia Takiwātanga Rau. It considers the design features of built environments that meet the needs of autistic people (tāngata whaitakiwātanga) in their homes, schools, workplaces and healthcare settings.
This report presents a systematic review conducted (by Marita) to update the Guideline on design features of built environments that meet the needs of autistic people. These are features designed to enhance comfort, accessibility, inclusion, and quality of life for tāngata whaitakiwātanga..
The ‘umbrella review’ (review of reviews) analysed 10 peer-reviewed systematic review studies published since 2019, and one New Zealand primary study (Beth’s research on interior lighting).
Recommendations
Informed by the systematic review, the advisory panel known as the Living Guideline Group (LGG) developed evidence-based Recommendations. These update the Aotearoa New Zealand Autism Guideline (2022). Those most relevant to homes are presented below.
Recommendation 5.1.9b
When designing or modifying a built environment that is inclusive for autistic people, the following factors must be addressed:
- Sensory sensitivities and preferences: Create calming, low-stimulation spaces by using elements such as noise dampening, adjustable lighting (e.g., dimmable bulbs, blinds and diffuser covers over windows), cross-ventilation (for air quality and odour moderation), and temperature control. Allow room for sensory-seeking activities and proprioception, including stimming, movement, and alternative seating options.
- Flexibility: Use adaptable designs to accommodate individual needs; such as adjustable settings for lighting, heating, and sound to allow personal control over one’s environment and reduce sensory overload.
- Spatial design: Ensure layouts are clear and organised, minimising visual and physical clutter. Use visual supports for wayfinding. Offer options for both social interaction and personal retreat.
- Predictability and inclusion: Design spaces to be predictable and safe, with careful spatial sequencing, and clear transitions between rooms, uses, or surface levels. Use different textures or markings to highlight edges, steps, and hazards.
Grade A meaning it is supported by Good Evidence
Recommendation 5.2.6a
In designing or modifying living spaces that are inclusive for autistic people, emphasise familiarity, predictability, and sensory-friendly spaces, including sensory rooms and areas for socialising, hobbies, and movement (e.g., pacing).
Grade B meaning it is supported by Fair Evidence.
Explore more
Further reading
Aotearoa New Zealand Autism Guideline: He Waka Huia Takiwātanga Rau
The Aotearoa New Zealand Autism Guideline: He Waka Huia Takiwātanga Rau (3rd edition) was published in 2022 by Whaikaha – Ministry of Disabled People, in partnership with the Ministry of Education. The Guideline considers autism (takiwātanga) across the whole of a person’s life — from early childhood through to adulthood.
Over 300 evidence-based recommendations are included. Areas covered include: assessment and diagnosis, support for individuals and families, education, mental health and wellbeing, living in the community, professional development, and perspectives of Māori, and of Pacific peoples.
The Guideline includes advice about well-researched approaches, therapies, and supports which have been proven to work. It discourages use of those proven not to work or which cause harm.
The Living Guideline Process
The Aotearoa New Zealand Autism Guideline: He Waka Huia Takiwātanga Rau is the world’s first ‘living guideline’ in autism. Being “living” means that updates are undertaken regularly in areas where new, significant research has emerged.
Every year since 2009, research on a topic related to autism is systematically reviewed. This evidence is considered by an advisory panel, the Living Guideline Group (LGG). The LGG are a group of clinicians, educators, academics and researchers with a range of lived, cultural, and professional experience. The LGG develops Recommendations which are published alongside the systematic review as a Supplementary Paper, updating and extending the Guideline. INSIGHT Research (Marita Broadstock) is contracted by Whaikaha — Ministry of Disabled People to independently deliver the living guideline process.
Beth’s research on interior lighting
A publication from Beth’s Masters thesis, this paper describes a mixed-methods research using participatory photography with an online questionnaire to collect data on autistic people’s response to lighting systems in the everyday built environment.
Four main themes were identified, opening opportunities for future lighting improvements to better meet the needs of the wider community: (1) lighting systems (layout, lamp shapes and types, number of lamps), (2) technical factors (flicker, noise, brightness, colour temperature), (3) reactions-to-lighting (both positive and negative) and (4) use of descriptive language. As a result of the direct participation, the rich data expand the understanding of autistic people’s perception of everyday indoor electric lighting systems.
Guidance for tenants when making changes to their rental property
This website explains the regulations on what minor changes a tenant can make to their rental property without obtaining their Landlord’s consent, and which ones they need to seek consent from their Landlord for. The responsibilities of tenant and Landlords is also explained, as well as what is defined as minor changes. Easy read and MP3 versions are provided.
Universal Design Principles
The principles of universal design aim to create products and environments that are accessible and usable by all. This includes not just disabilities and differences, but also the variety of needs across the age span, those with temporary health conditions affecting mobility and access, and more.
Te Aranga Māori Design Principles
Te Aranga Māori design principles focus on integrating Māori cultural values into the design of homes. This ensures that spaces reflect and respect the community’s identity and heritage.
Connect
Other Links
Access Insights
Beth Noble provides services as an accessibility consultant through Access Insights.
INSIGHT Research
Marita Broadstock provides autism research services through INSIGHT Research.
Altogether Autism
A free, nationwide autism information and advisory service for the autistic community in Aotearoa.
Autism New Zealand
A nationwide organisation providing information, support and community for autistic people and their whānau.